| hoogwn's profile超生游击队inUSBlog |  Tools  Help |
|
November 18 中国称一胎化计划生育政策不会变http://www.ntdtv.com/xtr/gb/2009/11/13/a378472.html http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/a-21-a-2002-09-25-35-1-63389227.html?moddate=2002-09-25 http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/a-21-w2006-03-22-voa44-63251697.html 中国称一胎化计划生育政策不会变http://www1.voanews.com/chinese/news/human-rights/Congress-China-one-child-policy-20091111-69734277.html活动人士促奥巴马质疑中国计划生育政策China Says ‘One Child’ Policy Will Be ‘Strictly Enforced For Decades’http://www.cnsnews.com/Public/Content/article.aspx?RsrcID=51762 China Says ‘One Child’ Policy Will Be ‘Strictly Enforced For Decades’ Thursday, July 30, 2009 By Patrick Goodenough, International Editor  China says its one-child policy, initiated in 1979, has helped to reduce the country’s population by 300- to 400-million people. (Photo: Shanghai Population and Family Planning Commission) (CNSNews.com)
– China has rejected suggestions that it is easing its controversial
“one-child” population control policy, following reports that
authorities in Shanghai are encouraging eligible couples to have a
second child. The news made headlines, with media reports saying the 30-year-old population policy was being “relaxed” or “eased.” But Beijing denied this was the case. “Officials say [the one-child policy] will be strictly enforced as a means of controlling births for decades to come as overpopulation is still a major concern,” the Xinhua state news agency reported. There is nothing new in the fact that many Chinese couples who are themselves only children are allowed to have a second child (exceptions are also allowed for ethnic minorities, rural dwellers and other categories). In Shanghai, regulations in place as far back as 1997 state that “couples who meet any one of the following conditions can have a second birth … both parties are only child in their family.” What is new is that family planning officials in China’s biggest city and commercial center are now actively encouraging couples in that category to have their permitted second child, in a bid to counter the rapid graying of Shanghai’s population and prevent future labor shortages. The city’s family planning chief, Xie Lingli, told Chinese media last week that officials would make home visits to eligible families and ensure they were aware of their right to have a second child. Emotional and financial counseling would also be offered. According to Xie, 97 percent of families in the city of nearly 19 million people have only one child. At the same time, more than 21 percent of the total population is aged over 60, a proportion that is expected to rise to around 34 percent by 2020. “The rising number of retirees will put pressure on the younger generation and the social security system,” she said. ‘Pragmatism, not repentance’ Demographers and economists have long warned about the long-term effects of China’s birth limitation program. One expert projects that the number of Chinese people over 60 will rise from more than 140 million in 2008 to 200 million by 2015.  Concerned about the economic implications of a rapidly graying population, family planning officials in Shanghai are encouraging eligible couples – those without siblings – to have a second child as permitted under longstanding regulations. (Photo: Shanghai Population and Family Planning Commission) They range from punitive fines for illegal, or “out of plan,” births – China Daily reported last March that the fines are between three and eight times the average per capita income – to forced abortions and involuntary sterilizations carried out by officials aiming to meet quotas set by Beijing. In a society where male children are preferred for traditional and economic reasons, sex-selective abortions of baby girls continue, despite a ban on the use of nonmedically necessary ultrasounds to determine gender. A study in the British Medical Journal in April found that there were 32 million more males than females in China under the age of 18. “Sex selective abortion accounts for almost all the excess males,” the British and Chinese researchers found. “Although sex selective abortion is illegal, proving that an abortion has been carried out on sex selective as opposed to family planning grounds is often difficult when abortion itself is so readily available,” they argued. Reggie Littlejohn, an expert on the one-child policy and founder of a new coalition called Women’s Rights Without Frontiers, points to less obvious rights violations also arising from the policy. These include the theft of children and, in a country where an increasingly skewed gender balance means millions of Chinese men will struggle to find brides, sex slavery and trafficking. According to the World Bank and the World Health Organization, around 500 Chinese women commit suicide every day. The State Department’s 2008 human rights report said “many observers” believe that the one-child policy contributes to the high suicide rate. “Even a two-child policy is a gross violation of fundamental human rights,” John Smeaton, director of the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children in Britain said of the reports from Shanghai. “Apart from the brutal way in which the Chinese authorities enforce population policy – forced abortions, forced sterilizations, punitive fines etc. – couples have the right to have as many children as they want.” Smeaton noted that Shanghai officials were giving pragmatic reasons for their approach. It “doesn’t mean they are repentant for the crimes they and other population controllers have committed under the 30-year one-child policy and are continuing to commit.” ‘No official policy causes more harm to women and girls’ Citing the one-child policy, the Bush administration from 2002 withheld funding for the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA), which operates in China, in line with U.S. legislation prohibiting funds for any agency that “supports or participates in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization.” The UNFPA has long denied that its work in China supports coercive measures, and President Obama this year reversed the policy. Nonetheless, advocates like Littlejohn are seeing some positive signs, noting that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has spoken out against coercive family planning. Testifying before the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee last April, Clinton said “I consider any governmental imposition that imposes government policy on women to be absolutely unacceptable. And I feel strongly about forced sterilization, forced abortion or any other egregious interference with women’s rights.” Clinton said she had said as much in Beijing in 1995, when as First Lady she attended the U.N.’s Fourth World Conference on Women. In her speech at that event, she said, “It is a violation of human rights when women are denied the right to plan their own families, and that includes being forced to have abortions or being sterilized against their will.” Littlejohn was recently invited by the new White House Council on Women and Girls to give a presentation on China’s one-child policy. She said Wednesday she had a “very warm” reception. “Those present seemed genuinely concerned about the violence to women and girls caused directly and indirectly by the one-child policy,” she said. “As I told them, there is no other official policy in the world that causes more suffering to women and girls than China’s one-child policy.” Obama established the White House Council on Women and Girls by executive order in March, saying its mission was “to provide a coordinated federal response to the challenges confronted by women and girls.” Experts on China’s One Child Policy to Testify in Congressional Hearinghttp://www.realcourage.org/2009/11/dc-experts-on-chinas-one-child-policy-to-testify-in-congressional-hearing/DC: Experts on China’s One Child Policy to Testify in Congressional HearingBy R.E.A.L. Organization • on November 10, 2009
See also reports at Women’s Rights Without Frontiers China Aid (www.ChinaAid.org) reports: Experts on China’s One Child Policy to Testify in Congressional Hearing November 8, 2009 WASHINGTON, D.C.–As President Obama prepares to visit China this week, concerned organizations will raise their voices against China’s One Child per Couple Policy this Tuesday, November 10, 2009: What: An Evaluation of 30-Years of the One-Child Policy in China Host: Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission When: 1:00 PM-4:00 PM–Tuesday, November 10, 2009 Why: “The Chinese Communist Party states that it has “prevented 400 million births” through its One Child Policy–greater than the entire population of the United States. The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission hearing this Tuesday will present new evidence that many of these births have been “prevented” through forced abortion, involuntary sterilization, and infanticide. Because of the traditional preference for boys, sex selective abortion is practiced. Indeed, in some areas of China, 130 boys are born for every 100 girls. Because of this “gendercide, ” there are now an estimated 37 million Chinese men who will never marry, because there aren’t enough women. This gender imbalance is a powerful, driving force behind human trafficking and sexual slavery in China and the surrounding countries. On April 22, 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that coercive family planning in China is “absolutely unacceptable.” Whether pro-life or pro-choice, no one supports forced abortion–because it is negates the power of choice. Rather, the One Child Policy causes more violence toward women and girls than any other official policy on earth.” –Reggie Littlejohn, Womens Rights Without Frontiers. Join Women’s Rights Without Frontiers, ChinaAid, and the following concerned expert panelists for this pivotal hearing hosted by the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission. See the Official Hearing Announcement issued November 6, 2009. * Toy Reid, Congressional-Executive Commission on China If you have any questions, please contact Elizabeth Hoffman at (202) 225-3599. MEDIA OPPORTUNITY: PRESS CONFERENCE AT 12:15 PM Meet the speakers and take advantage of photo opportunities at the Press Conference, to be held at 12:15 PM, in Room 2318, Rayburn House office building. Both events are open to the public. November 15 如何申请一胎化政治庇护（图）政治庇护失败大多是自己的错 引用并回复 发布人: Mrs LA 发布于: 2008/03/02, 2:52 am 申请政治庇护不成功，大都是申请人粗心大意漫不经心的结果；政治庇护失败最大的原因，是当事人自己漫不经心，不认真处理，在与庇护官面谈时不充分准备，到了移民法庭以后的程序，不但官司越来越难打，钱也得越花越多。 移民局目前办理政庇案相当快速，在申请送上去后，大约一个月就要面谈，很多申请人把案件送了上去，就不加理会，到了面谈时，错误百出，前后不一，即使庇护审核官员有意帮忙也无从帮起。庇护官面谈是庇护申请最容易过的一关，过不了这一关，上诉先到移民局法庭及上诉庭的行政法律程序，然后就是联邦法院，不但要用更多的时间辩护，而且变成法律诉讼案件，是申请人财务上的不小负担。 庇护官不是法律专家，而是照本子办事的公务员，不会故意挑剔，申请人的说法合情合理，证据和旁证有实有据，庇护审核官就会依照移民法批准庇护。但是移民法庭虽是行政诉讼，但法官都是有经验的法律界人士，都做过至少 10年的律师，加上移民局的律师出庭对抗，申请人不但压力大，辩护律师时间用的多，时间和金钱都要用的很多，才能把案子翻回来。所以，最好是在庇护面谈时，仔细和充分的准备，反覆的演练答案说词，收集合理的证据和旁证，把庇护拿到会省去很多麻烦。 在庇护审核官面谈时失败的几个主要原因，第一是移民法规定当事人要在抵美的1年之内申请政治庇护，很多申请人拿不出或不准备在美国1年之内即申请证明，或者到了美国后忙著打工，根本没有理会庇护必须在来美1年之内申请规定；第二是交待不清，东拉西扯，在面谈前言不对后语，甚至与政庇无关的事情上胡乱回答，导致令庇护官员无法相信的结论，这就是不事先预备及演练的结果；第三，就是申请人本身不了解庇护的意义，例如以一胎化申请，在庇护官员问话时称，自己也不想要多几个孩子，以宗教迫害申请却不明白宗教的内涵和迫害的情况，也是不花时间准备的结局。有依照移民法律上申请庇护的理由，只要准备的好，有负责任的专业律师帮忙策划，加上申请人本人严肃的面对申请的面谈，「绝对的不准是不可能的」。 如何申请一胎化政治庇护 政治庇护长期以来都是美国移民法的重要组成部分。简而言之，凡因种族、宗教信仰、国籍、个别社会团体成员以及政治见解而遭受过迫害或回国很有可能遭受迫害的人，都有资格申请政治庇护。 如果申请人不在美国，可以申请难民身份。 如果申请人已经人在美国境内，则可申请政治庇护。 政治庇护涵盖的范围随着时间的推移和社会的变迁不断扩大。 近年来，诸如同性恋、受虐妇女等都可以申请政治庇护。1996年非法移民改革与移民责任法案更规定，凡因一胎化政策而遭受堕胎、结扎的妇女及其配偶，也可 以申请政治庇护。由于目前在全世界只有大陆中国施行强制性的计划生育政策，一胎化政治庇护等于是为中国符合条件的申请人特别设立。 有鉴于中国符合条件的申请人数目众多，美国国会将此类的申请名额限制在每年1000名。 1、一胎化政治庇护的定义与规定 根据美国移民法101（A）（42）（B）条款，凡被强行堕胎、或被迫结扎、或因拒绝进行堕胎或结扎或抵制强制性计划生育政策而遭受迫害者，可被视为因政治见解而被迫害。 凡确实害怕会被强行堕胎、或被迫结扎、或会因拒绝进行堕胎或结扎或因抵制强制性计划生育政策而遭受迫害者，则被视为具有因政治见解而被迫害的真实恐惧（WELL-FOUNDED FEAR）。 这项条款出台之后，美国移民法庭迅即根据这一条款对两个案例进行审理。审理的结果成为审批一胎化政治庇护时的先例。这两个案例为MATTER OF X-P-T和MATTER OF C-Y-Z。MATTER OF X-P-T审理于1996年。 在该案例中，申请人在生了三个孩子之后被有关部门强行结扎。移民法庭按照新的法律规定批准了申请人的申请。这是新法之后有关一胎化的第一个案例。 而MATTER OF C-Y-Z──对新法的解释更为宽松。在这个案例中，申请人的妻子因违反一胎化政策而被强行堕胎。申请人偷渡来美后，提出一胎化政治庇护申请，最后得到批准。 值得一提的是，在这两个案例中，移民局都认为申请人的证词中没有任何作假之处。不过，时至今日，关于1000个名额的问题，移民局尚未作出任何切实可行的统计方法。 2、申请一胎化政治庇护应注意的事项 根据上述移民法有关条款和移民法庭案例，许多曾经堕胎、结扎过的申请人的政治庇护申请都得到顺利批准。 与此同时，也有许多条件相同的申请人的申请被移民局否决。 很多人会问，为什么会出现这种情况？在申请一胎化政治庇护时，应该注意哪些事项呢？首先，提出申请时，务求做到完全真实。由于众所周知的原因，移民局在审 理来自大陆中国的申请时，对于申请人的可信度（CREDIBILITY）常常持怀疑态度。同时，由于政治庇护的申请本身所决定，申请人往往无法提供比较翔 实的旁证档案。因此，在提出政治庇护的申请时，一定要实话实说，被迫害的主要经历与相关的细节不能出现相互矛盾之处。比如说，有的申请人曾经两次被强行堕 胎。而在向移民局提交的证词中却只说一次堕胎。 有的申请人求成心切，不惜编造许多故事。结果在面谈时漏洞百出。有的移民站或移民服务中心也推波助澜，胡编乱造，给当事人造成不可弥补的恶果。 例如，一对在国内当内科医生的夫妇在申请一胎化政治庇护时，听信某移民站的胡言乱语，谎称自己是妇产科医生，因拒绝为他人进行堕胎手术而被医院当局解聘。 结果在面谈时，不得不承认曾经给许多人进行过堕胎结扎手术。移民局面谈的官员一声冷笑，告诉这对夫妇说，他们显然协助政府当局迫害过他人，无法申请政治庇 护。 其次，在接受面谈之前，应和律师、翻译沟通，力求在每个细节以及有关背景方面不出错误。 虽然移民局的工作人员都接受过有关中国国情的培训。但平心而论，他们对中国的情况所知甚少，经常会闹笑话。 例如错把广州当成农村，误认秘书为党支部支书。申请人和律师、翻译应多加讨论，必要时向移民局提供直观的被景材料，如地图、照片等档。 再者，要尽量准备有关的证明文件，首先是与一胎化有关的文件，如孩子的出生证、堕胎或结扎的病历、罚款通知或单位处分的文件。 其次是有关个人身份的文件，如结婚证、工作证、身份证等等。切切不要因为图方便而提供假的档。比如因无法拿到原始病历而请熟悉的医生或护士开具证明。 曾经有申请人为了证明过去十年中曾经三次被强行堕胎，拿出三张崭新的诊断书，不仅纸张、格式一模一样，连医生的字体都毫无差别。 这样的材料报给移民局，结果可想而知。 其实，只要申请人能够详细地陈述当时三次堕胎的具体情形，即使没有旁证材料，只要详细、可信，一样可以说服移民局的面谈官员。 3、一胎化政治庇护的最新进展 虽然美国移民法明确规定，凡因一胎化而受过迫害的人都可以申请政治庇护，但在移民局审理具体申请时，掌握的尺度并不一致，甚至可以说因人而异。这主要因为对所谓强行堕胎或结扎的"强行"两个字有不同的认识。 有的移民官认为，强行堕胎不必是有计划生育干部以武力的手段，逼迫申请堕胎或结扎，如果申请人不服从，会招致刑求、关押。 有的移民官则认为，强行堕胎并不非得诉诸暴力手段。如果申请人屈从于政府部门或单位的开除、罚款、没收住房、不许给超生的子女上户口等行政手段而进行堕胎或结扎，也足可视为强行堕胎。 在审理一胎化政治庇护申请时，移民局官员十分重视美国国务院每年一度的中国人权情况报告。撰写人权报告的美国领事官员在经过调查和交谈后，认为中国沿海以 及偏远农村的计划生育工作相当宽松，生第二胎以至第三、第四胎的夫妇比比皆是。当地政府往往加以罚款了事。而罚款的金额与当事人的收入相比根本微不足道。 另外，想生第二胎的妇女也可在怀孕后躲到外地，待孩子出生以后再缴纳罚款。因此，移民局有的官员会以申请人可以躲到外地为理由，否决一胎化的申请。然而， 这不仅与中国的实际情况并不相符，也不符合政治庇护的有关法律规定。政治庇护的法律明确指出，如果政治迫害是由政府加以施实，不应要求申请人躲避他处。同 时，如果申请人移居他处会在生活上遇到极大的困难，申请人也不必移居他处而仍然可以申请庇护。 我想，凡是看过小品"超生游击队"的人，都会有同感。 另外，有些移民局官员对于申请人来美的途径和手段会详加盘查。 对于以L-1、H-1等身份来美的申请人，他们会认为中国政府既然允许申请来美工作，就不会对他们进行迫害。这样的做法显然也是不合理的。 因为申请人申请的法律依据是一胎化政治庇护。众所周知，只要申请人不违反有关计划生育的规定，就不会受到限制出境的处理。 对于以B-1来美进行商务考察的申请人来说，他们往往会遇到另外一个问题：在他们的政治庇护申请批准之后，他们可以申请人在国内的配偶和子女。 由于他们所持B-1进入美国后即提出政治庇护申请，美国领事馆会认为他们的B-1签证是以欺诈的手段取得的。在申请人的配偶前往申请签证赴美时，领事官员会询问申请人的配偶有没有协助申请人取得B-1签证，比如是否为B-1来美提供过经济帮助。 如果申请人的配偶承认帮着出过钱（两口子的事，能分得开吗），领事官员会以协助别人偷渡的罪名拒签。 4、政治庇护申请的程序 最后简单谈谈政治庇申请的程序。政治庇护办公室目前是移民局里效率最高的部门。 一般来说，在政治庇护申请报给移民局两个星期以后，就会收到移民局的收据。 在此后的两到三个星期里，当事人一般会收到移民局的面谈通知。 在面谈之后，如果申请人当时已经逾期居留或因其它原因丧失了合法身份，申请人应在面谈之后的第14天前往移民局领取申请结果。 如果申请得到批准，申请人会得到一份建议批准信（RECOMMENDED APPRVAL LETTER）。申请人可以凭此信申请工卡。 在申请人的指纹结果出来之后，同时1000个名额尚未用光的话，申请人会收到正式批准的通知。申请人可凭正式批准通知书申请难民旅行档，并为尚在美国境外的配偶和子女申请来美。同时，申请人也有资格申请联邦政府的有关补助。 如果申请没有得到批准，移民局会将申请转至移民法庭，申请人可以聘请律师，与移民局对簿公堂。 如果在面谈时申请人仍然具有合法身份，移民局会将申请结果直接寄给申请人。 如果申请没有被批准，移民局会寄一封信，详细解释不能批准的原因。 申请人如果对此觉得不满意，可在14天之内提出反驳意见，并可补充其它材料。 如果申请最后没有得到批准，申请人仍可以原有的非移民身份在美国继续工作和生活。 凡 真心支持中国民主事业，参加中国自由民主党活动者，我们将热忱提供移民法律咨询、政治庇护、申请绿卡、医疗保险、培训、住宿、职介、电脑技术等方面的帮 助。---- 中国自由民主党Liberty Democracy Party of China 中国民主运动研习中心Research Center for Chinese Democracy Movement 地址136-15 Roosevelt Ave. 3 FL, Flushing, NY 11354和773 60th Street, 2nd FL, Brooklyn, NY 11220 电话1-718-961-1383, 1-718-961-1283和1-718-567-7571 手机1-917-709-8775 电子信箱mingchen2008@gmail.com 网址http://cdmrc.org 要身份，找组织！求发展，靠组织！协办政治庇护，成功率最高！律师身经百战，翻案率也最高November 13 Why Forced Abortions Persist in China Why Forced Abortions Persist in ChinaBy Simon Elegant Monday, Apr. 30, 2007
A father carries his daughter in Beijing, China.
Greg Baker / AP
Har In urban areas, the central government recently relaxed its strict laws mandating birth control in order to restrict families to one child. The government also insists that it has banned coercive birth-control practices in the countryside commonly employed by bureaucrats eager to comply with Beijing's population-control goals — and those practices have declined dramatically since the 1980s. The central government recognizes that coercive birth control is deeply unpopular and liable to cause the sort of demonstrations and other forms of protest that Beijing abhors as a threat to its authority. Still, the fact these cases continue to surface is a troubling reminder of what activists say is the schizophrenic approach of the central government towards its own one-child policy: On the one hand, the authorities are loosening up, well aware that the scheme, which restricts couples to one child and imposes fines and other sanctions on violators, has largely outlived its usefulness. First implemented in 1978, the one-child policy has been so successful in checking China's population growth that the country now confronts the prospect of the rapid aging of its total population in the next two decades. The reaction of many Chinese demographers, not surprisingly, has been to call for the abolition of the one-child policy, which they say has served its purpose. Other critics point out that India has achieved broadly similar declines in fertility without state coercion or occasional brutality. Despite the growing consensus calling for change, however, Beijing continues to make enforcement of the policy one of the two main yardsticks by which the performance of local bureaucrats — and hence their prospects for advancement — are judged. (The other is tax collection.) It is this pressure from above to comply with population quotas that prompts local officials to adopt measures such as forced abortion (sometimes heart-rendingly late in term), forced sterilization and the like, says Nicolas Becquelin of New York-based Human Rights in China. "The occurrence of these cases is largely confined to poor or ethnic areas of China" says Becquelin, noting that in such areas the central government often seems to fear that if restrictions on population growth are lifted there will be an immediate population explosion. That would be highly unwelcome economically — with [Communist Party] cadres fearing that the new mouths would either be trapped in poverty at home or join the flood tide of rural migrants swamping the cities. More broadly, the ruling Communist Party is having a difficult time coming to terms publicly with the idea that the one-child policy has been a failure and should be scrapped. Precisely because this is one of the Communist Party's most unpopular policies, "it would be very damaging to the Party to have to admit publicly that it was neither a particularly good idea, or even necessary," says Becquelin. Given that background, he concludes, it seems as though incidents of this kind will continue to occur for some time to come. Read more: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1615936,00.html#ixzz0WlG55PMQ |
||||
|
|
